A situação económica da Europa

Dois artigos: um do Finantial Times e outro do The Economist, sobre a situação económica europeia - o primeiro, avaliando de modo positivo o contributo do Euro para a relativa (até agora) boa situação económica europeia; o segundo prometendo mau tempo para a zona Euro. Transcrevo o primeiro e dou a ligação para o segundo (o excerto que acompanha a ligação é o período final do artigo).

Será curioso ver, ao longo deste ano, quem terá mais razão - a tese do primeiro não invalida, no entanto, a possibilidade de ocorrer a tempestade prevista pelo segundo, mas o que diz o artigo do FT sobre o Euro prova, a contrário, a qualidade de algumas apreciações feitas sobre os "custos" para a condução da política económica portuguesa decorrentes da nossa pertença à zona Euro.

Qualquer dos artigos é instrutivo e merece ser lido - há mais sobre estes assuntos sob as etiquetas conjuntura económica e europa.

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  FT.com / Columnists / Wolfgang Munchau - Pessimism about the eurozone is misplaced:
  

  "I am puzzled by the International Monetary Fund’s latest growth projections for the eurozone. The forecasts in the World Economic Outlook show a mild recession for the US, with a positive annual growth rate of 0.5 per cent this year and a huge contraction in growth for the eurozone from 2.6 per cent in 2007 to 1.4 per cent.
  

  This is puzzling to me for two reasons. First, what drives the US downturn is an immense property recession in combination with a credit crunch. That is, by and large, not the case in the eurozone despite a number of regional downturns, for example in Spain. Second, the economic news from the eurozone has been persistently better than expected so far and there may be a dynamism at work that is not yet fully understood.
  

  One possibility is that some of the economic shock transmitters, especially the exchange rate, may work a little slower than they used to. Companies can hedge against short-term exchange rate fluctuation. The euro has also improved its status as an invoicing currency, which may offer eurozone companies some protection. Eventually, of course, the eurozone may run of luck, but it would have to run out of luck fairly soon for the IMF’s forecast of a sharp growth slowdown to prove correct for this year. Now that might still happen, especially if the US were to fall into a black hole. But I just cannot see how the IMF’s pessimism on the eurozone can be consistent with its relative optimism about the US.
  

  Another possibility is that the eurozone economy may have become a touch more resilient. To be clear: I am no advocate of “decoupling”. It is a meaningless metaphor since no region in a globalised economy can be truly decoupled. But even if there can be no decoupling, there remains the perfectly legitimate question whether the relationship between the US economy and the rest of the world in general, and the eurozone in particular, may have changed over the years. I suspect it has. One of the main economic arguments in favour of the euro was a lower cyclical dependence on the US. While that goal has clearly not been reached in full, it may have been reached in part. For example, Germany, which accounts for more than a quarter of the eurozone’s economic output, has coped better with a rising currency than it did in similar episodes of the past. And in one limited respect, we can even talk about “decoupling”: European monetary policy is far more independent of the US today than it used to be. The European Central Bank’s dogged pursuit of price stability continues to surprise even seasoned central bank watchers, who could not have imagined that the ECB would be able to leave interest rates unchanged during a period in which the Federal Reserve has cut by 300 basis points. To see how much has changed over the past 10 years, just imagine what would have happened if there had been no euro. The European financial markets would have remained fragmented. Italy would have devalued its lira a long time ago. Spain would probably have announced a devaluation of the peseta right after the recent elections as the depth of its housing crisis became more and more apparent. Portugal and Greece would have devalued three or four times by now. President Nicholas Sarkozy of France might have been tempted to devalue the franc against the D-Mark shortly after his election. Today, the German, Benelux and Austrian economies would have been crippled by a super-hard D-Mark, guilder and shilling, which would have risen not only against the dollar, but also against the franc, the peseta and the lira. The US downturn would have brought havoc to the European economy – as it used to in the past. You remember that other tired old metaphor about the US sneezing and the Europeans catching a cold.
  

  Maybe we are now living in a world where the US is catching a cold and the Europeans are sneezing. This does not mean that all is well with the eurozone. On the contrary, regular readers of this column will probably recall my almost obsessive pessimism about Germany’s economy and the country’s inability to create a dynamic services and financial sector. But there can be no doubt that Germany is more robust relative to past performance.
  

  This is in my view not an economic reform story, but the result of macroeconomic regime change. The euro created a large and stabilising internal market, almost as large as the US itself. Of course, the eurozone remains relatively more open than the US. It continues to depend on outside influences more than the US. But my point is that the eurozone is much less sensitive today than its constituent economies were 10 or 15 years ago. Economic forecasters should beware that not all past relationships can be safely extrapolated into the future.
  

  Obviously, there may come a point when a US recession and a persistently weak dollar will affect the eurozone as well. There are several channels through which US economic weakness is transmitted to the rest of the world – bank profits, the stock market, falling exports among others. But these channels take time to work through the system. I would broadly concur with the IMF’s 2009 forecast for the eurozone – a growth rate of 1.2 per cent. But for growth to slow down to 1.4 per cent already this year, something dramatic would have to happen that I am not seeing elsewhere in the IMF’s forecasts."

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  Charlemagne Danger ahead for the mighty euro Economist.com:
  

  "In truth, as the euro approaches its tenth birthday celebrations, it is facing the biggest test of its short life. If Europe follows America into recession, which is quite possible, the pain will be a lot greater in the Mediterranean countries than in Germany and northern Europe. Not surprisingly, the political response from the two regions will also be quite different. Even as it prepares to expand once more to take in Slovakia and later other countries from eastern Europe, the euro is about to show the world that it is not yet an optimal currency area—and the demonstration may not be a pretty one."