agora, sobre as atribulações de um independente de esquerda nestes tempos da III República ...
24 de fevereiro de 2016
Não estamos, mesmo, preparados para o que aí vem.
"Sea levels will rise by a much 4.3 feet (1.3 m) by 2100 if humans continue to emit at current rates. That figure could be reduced to as low as 0.8 feet (0.24 m) if humans peak and then reduce carbon emissions in the coming decades.
Achieving such reductions won’t be an easy feat. Countries from around the world agreed in Paris last December to try to keep average global temperatures from rising more than 3.6°F (2°C) by 2100. Even if that goal is achieved—some are rightfully skeptical—sea levels are still expected to rise far beyond 0.8 ft (0.24 m). That could erase low-lying island countries like Kiribati and affect coastal cities on the Atlantic coast of the United States."
Why We're Not Prepared for The Coming Decades of Sea Level Rise
3 de março de 2012
27 de dezembro de 2011
11 de agosto de 2011
Anomalias, por um lado, e por outro, uma preocupação sempre presente
[....] Almost everywhere fish stocks are collapsing through catastrophic mismanagement. But no one in the rich world has managed them as badly as the European Union. So when the EU tells Iceland and the Faroes that they should engage in "responsible, modern fisheries management", it's like being lectured by Attila the Hun on human rights. They could be forgiven for telling us to sod off until we've cleaned up our own mess. Unfortunately, this is just what they've done, with catastrophic results.
A feeding frenzy is taking place in their territorial waters, as they rip into the North Atlantic's last great stock: mackerel. As the seas have warmed, the fish have moved north. When they arrived in Icelandic and Faroese waters, those nations argued that their mackerel fishing agreement with Norway and the EU should be changed to allow them to catch more. Norway and the EU refused, so Iceland and the Faroes tore the agreement up and each awarded themselves a unilateral quota of 150,000 tonnes. As a result, the north-east Atlantic mackerel catch has risen almost 50%, and is now well beyond the replacement rate. If the mackerel go, so do the many links of the food chain which depend on them.
[....]
Yes, let's demand that Iceland and the Faroes stop wrecking our common stocks. But let's not give the impression that we're doing so only in order to wreck them ourselves.
Ora bem, pelo que respeita às pescas, a última frase diz tudo. Parafrasendo-a para os Açores: de acordo, em absoluto, com a defesa das 200 milhas marítimas para explorá-las de um modo diferente do que os espanhóis o fazem, mas para conseguir isso não basta que a actividade piscatória na região seja artesanal. O facto da pesca ser artesanal nos Açores não é condição suficiente - eventualmente, nem necessária será - de uma exploração sustentada e economicamente ótima do potencial de pesca da região.
13 de julho de 2011
Ah, e há o mar como alternativa ....
The End of the Line - TIME
But we may be coming to that realization too late, because it turns out that even the fathomless depths of the oceans have limits. The U.N. reports that 32% of global fish stocks are overexploited or depleted and as much as 90% of large species like tuna and marlin have been fished out in the past half-century. Once-plentiful species like Atlantic cod have been fished to near oblivion, and delicacies like bluefin tuna are on an arc toward extinction. A recent report by the International Programme on the State of the Ocean found that the world's marine species faced threats "unprecedented in human history" — and overfishing is part of the problem.
Read more: http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2081796,00.html#ixzz1RW2r6lEL
Have jellyfish come to rule the waves? | George Monbiot | Environment | guardian.co.uk
A combination of overfishing and ocean acidification (caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) has created the perfect conditions for this shift from a system dominated by fish to a system dominated by jellyfish.If this is indeed what we're seeing, the end of vertebrate ecology is a direct result of the end of vertebrate politics: the utter spinelessness of the people charged with protecting the life of the seas. In 2009 the Spanish fleet, for example, vastly exceeded its quota, netting twice the allowable catch of mackerel in the Cantabrian Sea, and no one stopped them until it was too late.Last week, the European commission again failed to take action against the unilateral decision by Iceland and the Faroes to award themselves a mackerel quota several times larger than the one they agreed to, under their trilateral agreement with the EU and Norway. Iceland and the Faroes have given two fingers to the other nations, and we appear to be incapable of responding.
World’s oceans in ‘shocking’ decline, report finds ‘speeds of many negative changes … are tracking the worst-case scenarios’ | ThinkProgress
5 de abril de 2011
Pesca nos Açores e noutros sítios
13 de março de 2011
Pesca
We now live in a world where overfishing is far too prevalent. To stem this tide, regulators impose tighter and tighter restrictions on fishermen,* in the face of fundamental disagreements among harvesters, regulators, and conservationists about how many is too many.
2 de março de 2010
Outras realidades insulares, outras percepções, outras competências - exercícios de "benchmarking"
19 de janeiro de 2010
Algumas referências sobre as pescas
No entretanto, o Tratado de Lisboa entrou em vigor. Não sendo de todo um devotado da Política Comum das Pescas - muito pelo contrário, e podendo aceitar, em princípio, as críticas feitas à consagração das pescas como competência exclusiva da União, nunca aceitei que isso só por si justificasse a recusa do Tratado, e menos ainda, a factibilidade política, mesmo a nível nacional, da eficácia de tal pretensão. Aliás, sempre considerei que o novo Tratado abria possibilidades interessantes para defender na União os interesses dos Açores neste domínio. Por isso, estou interessado em ver se algo de novo é pensado, e aplicado, a este respeito. A última referência enquadra-se nessa discussão (é TPC).
- Fishing for Answers in Alaska « AFS Blog: "Weather permitting, I was expected to patrol the bay to make sure no fishing boat had crept up inside the “Fishing Prohibited” markers that I would shortly set up 1,000 yards from mouth of the stream. [...] I never caught anyone near the mouth of my stream. At summer’s end, [...] we shared in the exhilaration that, thanks to our stalwart efforts out there in the bays, the salmon industry of western Alaska and the Aleutian Islands had been saved for another year. [...] Not only has the Alaskan salmon fishery thrived since statehood, but so have the fisheries for other species harvested up there — pollock, halibut, cod. Since 2000, all have won the stamp of approval as fully sustainable by the international Marine Stewardship Council based in London, and a recent report financed by the National Geographic Society rated Alaska as one of the best-managed fisheries in the world, alongside those of Iceland and New Zealand. What’s more, in the fall of 2008, in a study of data compiled from 11,135 individual fisheries, marine biologists at the University of California, Santa Barbara concluded that if fishermen universally adopted management practices like some of those used in Alaska, they might well reverse the grim conclusion reached two years earlier by the University of Dalhousie in Halifax, Nova Scotia, that under current practices, virtually 100 percent of the world’s fisheries would collapse by the year 2048 [...]"
- Science & Environment Articles | New Paper Suggests Global Fishery Collapse Can Be Averted | Miller-McCune Online Magazine: "There is reason to have hope in the long-term sustainability of the world's fisheries, which a few years ago were predicted to collapse in the next four decades. According to a brand-new analysis of the most comprehensive fisheries database to date, a balance between fishing and conservation is possible even in extremely overfished regions — when the right combination of management techniques are employed. And to the joy of sushi eaters, there is evidence these strategies already are helping fish populations rebound in some parts of the world."
- Fisheries, Aquaculture Face Multiple Risks From Climate Change| Climate Ark: "A new report, published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations, predicts 'an ocean of change' for fishers and fish farmers. It warned that urgent adaptation measures are required in response to opportunities and threats to food and livelihood provision due to climatic variations. The study, 'Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture', is one of the most comprehensive surveys to date of existing scientific knowledge on the impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture. [...] 'Marine and freshwater ecosystems will be profoundly affected by processes like ocean acidification, coral bleaching and altered river flows with obvious impacts on fisherfolk, but it is not just about what happens to the fish,' said Daw.[...] Meanwhile, the social and economic context of fisheries will be disrupted by impacts on security, migration, transport and markets.' 'Fisheries are already rapidly evolving due to overexploitation and globalisation. They will suffer from wide range of different impacts from climate change, which may be unpredictable and surprising. The poorest will be least able to adapt to these impacts. For example in Kenya poorer fishers were shown to be less likely to switch to other livelihoods if catches declined.' [...] According to the report, marine capture fisheries already facing multiple challenges due to overfishing, habitat loss and weak management are poorly positioned to cope with new problems stemming from climate change. Small island developing states -- which depend on fisheries and aquaculture for at least 50 percent of their animal protein intake -- are in a particularly vulnerable position. [...]."
- Environmentalists and fishing community can both win, say experts: "'We found that if you have the key spatial (location) information on fish, you can put the Marine Protected Areas in the right places, thus increasing conservation and making the fisheries more profitable,' said Christopher Costello, economist and professor with UC Santa Barbara's Bren School of Environmental Science & Management."
- Shifting Baselines: "The term is 'shifting baselines,' and you do need to know it, because shifting baselines affect the quality-of-life decisions you face daily. Shifting baselines are the chronic, slow, hard-to-notice changes in things, from the disappearance of birds and frogs in the countryside to the increased drive time from L.A. to San Diego. If your ideal weight used to be 150 pounds and now it's 160, your baseline -- as well as your waistline -- has shifted."
- Everyone wants a piece of Belize | Grist: "Other countries with larger fleets, namely Taiwan and Spain—Europe’s largest and most aggressive fishing nation—have already approached the government of Belize about moving into the deep waters beyond the Belize Barrier Reef. One of the ecological jewels of the Western Hemisphere is now clearly at risk. Belize has no policy in place to protect itself from foreign nations coming in and fishing out its waters, which are currently so untouched that we don’t really even know what kinds of seafood—or exotic wildlife or rare habitats—might be there. The same situation unfolded in the last half of the 20th century off the coast of West Africa when Asian and European fleets won agreements from local governments that allowed them to decimate both wildlife and local fishing economies. What was once a hotspot of marine diversity and a source of food for Africans was irreversibly damaged."
- Five Economics Pieces Worth Reading: December 31, 2009 - J. Bradford DeLong's Grasping Reality with a Prehensile Tail: "3) BEST NON-ECONOMICS THING I'VE READ TODAY: Ezra Klein: The world's most embarrassing legislative body: I've been focusing on the filibuster today, but Senate 'holds' are almost as pernicious.... The Senate has jurisdiction over a lot of things that most of its members don't care about very much. The deputy U.S. trade representative, for instance. And when senators have that much individual power, they can take a strong stand on things other senators don't care about in order to extract concessions on something they themselves do care about. And why would the other senators stop them? They like having that power, too. And so Sapiro's nomination stalled for nine months -- and the position went unfilled -- because Bunning wanted to sell more -- sigh -- candy-flavored cigarettes."
23 de novembro de 2009
Idiotices
22 de novembro de 2009
Não sei se se aplica ao caso dos Açores
20 de novembro de 2009
Preocupações
Food production accounts for a third of all greenhouse gas emissions... Through the clearing of forestland, food production is also responsible for much of the loss of biodiversity. Chemical fertilizers cause massive depositions of nitrogen and phosphorus, which now destroy estuaries in hundreds of river systems and threaten ocean chemistry. Roughly 70 percent of worldwide water use goes to food production, which is implicated in groundwater depletion and ecologically destructive freshwater consumption from California to the Indo-Gangetic Plain to Central Asia to northern China."
11 de novembro de 2009
Enfim, vamos tomando nota - aqui, trata-se mesmo da "tragédia dos comuns"
Editorial - Last Act for the Bluefin - NYTimes.com:
26 de setembro de 2009
Acidificação dos Oceanos e Aquecimento Global
"Global warming is “capable of wrecking the marine ecosystem and depriving future generations of the harvest of the seas” (see Ocean dead zones to expand, “remain for thousands of years”).
A new documentary on ocean acidification is airing tonight (Saturday) on Planet Green at 8 pm. (You can find your Planet Green channel on their website.) Here’s the trailer:
8 de setembro de 2009
A Política Comum de Pescas como contexto
Ora, não gosto de nenhum tipo de piratas, e não há contexto que justifique a pirataria. Mas, de novo, não o podemos esquecer - para a combater, obviamente - e, não menos importante, para que a pirataria de uns não camufle a pirataria dos outros. No caso da pirataria na Somália existe uma razão adicional para nos preocuparmos com o contexto: a Política Comum de Pescas é uma das suas componentes que, aliás, legitima e esconde a pirataria dos outros (de nós europeus).
"Tomada de reféns e actos de pirataria ao largo da Somália são notícia quase todos os dias. Fala-se é muito pouco dos arrastões europeus que pilham as águas territoriais africanas e prejudicam os pescadores locais. Esta actividade também é uma foram de pirataria, escreve o Die Welt.
Quase não passa um só dia, em que não se ouça falar de capturas de embarcações, tomadas de reféns e pedidos de resgate por piratas somalianos. Mas, na semana passada, um pequeno anúncio despertou a nossa curiosidade: os soldados franceses estacionados ao largo da costa somaliana intervêm igualmente sobre embarcações de pesca francesas. Cabe-lhes proteger uma dúzia de embarcações que praticam a pesca do atum, para que não se tornem alvo dos piratas. Mas coloca-se uma pergunta: que vão procurar os pescadores franceses ao largo dessas costas?
A resposta é a seguinte: em muitos países, foram reduzidas as quotas de pesca, mas não o contingente de barcos. Por isso, há demasiados barcos inactivos. Além disso, as frotas de pesca ultramodernas vindas da Europa, Rússia, China, Japão e alguns outros países pescam até ao esgotamento das reservas de todos os oceanos, e até das águas territoriais africanas, sem se preocuparem com os pescadores locais. Vários países, incluindo a União Europeia, compraram a muitos países pobres de África o direito de pescar ao largo das suas costas, numa zona que se estende até às 200 milhas. A UE vende depois, a preço reduzido, as licenças aos seus pescadores. Acrescenta-se-lhes uma armada de embarcações de pesca ilegais, com pavilhões de fora da Europa."
9 de agosto de 2009
Os Açores e o processo negocial da adesão da Islândia à União Europeia
É por tudo isso que a adesão da Islândia à União Europeia se antevê como muito difícil: a Islândia é pouco provável que ceda a mão nesta matéria [seria suicídio, a meu ver]; a Política Comum das Pescas (PCP) (leiam-se: os interesses da pesca longínqua; a Espanha, e, também Portugal, e não sei quem mais) dificilmente. Soluções de compromisso ? por exemplo, acesso limitado? Não creio que a opinião pública islandesa, tradicionalmente céptica sobre a Europa ( e, agora, que o pior da crise estará a atenuar-se: ver (***)) fosse comprada com algo parecido. Até onde posso ver, só teremos a Islândia na União Europeia, se ela for isenta da aplicação da PCP, se for instituído um regime de excepção para a ZEE islandesa. Será possível que tal suceda? Não sei: será difícil, mas não é impossível, já que poderá estar aqui, em causa, de modo indirecto, a adesão da Noruega, e aí, os interesses europeus em jogo são muito mais importantes.
Para os Açores o interesse de uma solução de excepção para a Islândia, no caso do acesso às pescarias da sua ZEE, seria óbvio: se há para a Islândia, por que não haveria para os Açores?
O interesse da RAA é que a Islândia entre na União Europeia, e que entre salvaguardando os seus interesses quanto ao acesso de outros às suas pescarias. Qual é o interesse da República? Tudo visto, deveria ser o mesmo - a PCP não ajuda a actividade pesqueira (correcta) de ninguém [por que essa política se perfila assim, era algo que, um dia destes, discutirei aqui]. Mas eu não acredito: os interesses da pesca do mar alto - aqueles que criticam a PCP por lhes proibir de pescar mais - irão salivar com a possibilidade de terem acesso à ZEE islandesa, e o Governo da República (quem quer que seja que esteja no poder) irá acomodar esses interesses, e transformá-los no interesse nacional a defender nas negociações da adesão da Islândia.
Como irá actuar a Região neste caso? On verra bien! Eu vou esperar sentado, mas seria um caso evidente de efectiva, substantiva, afirmação autonómica (ver aqui), e considero que, em momento oportuno, tudo visto, e efectuado alguns contactos, a Região deveria pronunciar-se, publicamente, sobre o assunto.
(**) Iceland: success story Free exchange Economist.com
(***) naked capitalism: Iceland Proves That in a Financial Crisis, Breaking Glass and Trashing Currency is a Good Remedy
7 de agosto de 2009
Pois, mas é possível recuperar o potencial das pescarias ...
25 de julho de 2009
Mais sobre pesca...
Mais notícias da aquacultura...
Like U.S. factory meat farms, Chile’s salmon cages veritably runneth over with antibiotics. Earlier this year, the Pew Environmental Group obtained some damning FDA documents about the Chilean salmon industry. The documents revealed that: [...]"
[continuar a ler em Chilean salmon industry plunges into an abyss of pesticides and antibiotics - Grist"
22 de julho de 2009
A Islândia decide se pede a adesão à UE
Sobre a Islândia ver, também, aqui.